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Programming Assignment 1
COSC 3320
Algorithms and Data Structures
Academic Honesty Policy
All submitted work should be your own. Copying or using other people’s work (including from the
Web) will result in −MAX points, where MAX is the maximum possible number of points for that
assignment. Repeat offenses will result in a failing grade for the course and will be reported to the
Chair. If you have any questions, please reach out to the professor and the TAs. The best way to
ask is on Piazza.
By submitting this assignment, you affirm that you have followed the Academic Honesty Policy.
The writeup portion of your submission must be typed. We prefer you use LATEX to type your
solutions — LATEX is the standard way to type works in mathematical sciences, like computer science, and
is highly recommended; for more information on using LATEX, please see this post on Piazza — but any
method of typing your solutions (e.g., MS Word, Google Docs, Markdown) is acceptable. Your writeup
must be in pdf format. The assignment can be submitted up to two days late for a penalty of
10% per day. A submission more than two days late will receive a zero.
Before you begin the assignment, create an account on LeetCode if you do not already have one.
Problem 1 I Permutations
Given an array nums of distinct integers, return all the possible permutations. You must return
the permutations in an order such that any permutation can be obtained from the previous
permutation by swapping a single pair of elements.
Example 1
Input: nums = [1, 2, 3]
Output: [1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [1, 3, 2], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1]
Note that each permutation in the above ordering can be obtained by swapping exactly one pair
of elements from the previous permutation.
Example 2
Input: nums = [0, 1]
Output: [0, 1], [1, 0]
Example 3
Input: nums = [1]
Output: Output: [1]
It is important that you solve this problem using recursion. That is, you have to reduce the original
problem into one or more subproblem, recursively solve the subproblems, and then combine the solutions
to obtain the solution to the original problem. Your solution should take O(n!) time. A solution that
does not use recursion will receive a zero.
Note that the LeetCode webpage allows the permutations to be output in any order. By contrast, we
require the permutations to be output such that any two consecutive permutations differ
by swapping a single pair of elements. Additionally, some solutions on LeetCode do not use recursion.
These are not acceptable solutions. Some solutions posted may also be wrong. In any case, a solution
that is largely copied from another source (e.g., verbatim or made to look different by simply changing
variable names) will be in violation of the Academic Honesty Policy.
The following must be submitted.
(a) Writeup (50 Points)
• Pseudocode for your solution, with an explanation in words why your solution works. (25
points)
• Analysis, showing the correctness of your algorithm and its complexity (i.e., its runtime). (25
points).
(b) Source Code (50 Points)
• Write your solution in Python, C, C++, Java, or JavaScript.
• Your code should be well written and well commented.
• A comment with a link to your LeetCode profile (e.g., https://leetcode.com/jane-doe/)
and a statement of whether or not your code was accepted by LeetCode. We will verify whether
your code is accepted.
• We must be able to directly copy and paste your code into LeetCode. If your code does not
compile on LeetCode, it will will receive zero points. Under no circumstances will we
attempt to modify any submission, so be sure the code you submit works.
Please submit these files individually. Do not submit as an archived file (zip file, tarball, etc.).
1 Pseudocode and Explanation
Algorithm 1 Permutations – Permutations of an Array
1: def Permutations(A):
Input . An array A of distinct elements.
Output . All n! permutations of A such that consecutive permutations differ by a single swap.
2: n ← |A|
3: if n = 1: . Base Case
4: Base Case Stuff
5: else: . Recursive Step
6: Recursive Step Stuff
2 Analysis