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CSC 110: Fundamentals of Programming I
Assignment #7: Classes and OOP
The
late penalty will be a 20% deduction. (Note that a re-submission occurring after the
December 2nd due date will be considered a late submission.)
How to hand in your work
Submit the requested files for Part (b) (see below) through the Assignment #7 link
on the CSC 110 conneX site. Please make sure you follow all the required steps for
submission (including confirming your submission). Part (a) is not marked.
Learning outcomes
When you have completed this assignment, you should understand:
• How to create an instance of a class (object instantiation).
• How to invoke an object’s instance methods.
• How to create and use an array of objects.
• How to send program output to a file.
Part (a): Problems from the Textbook
Complete chapter 8 self-check problems 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19 to 21,
24 and 25. Compare your answers to those available at:
http://www.buildingjavaprograms.com/self-check-solutions-4ed.html
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Part (b): Transposing Music
Problem description
Your task in this assignment is to write TransposeSong.java and as part of completing
this program you will write and use other classes:
• Note.java
• Voice.java
The basic problem is we have files containing notes (i.e., pitches and durations) in a
text-like format. The overall task of your assignment is to transpose the notes in song
files. Here are the contents of one file named 01_example.sng:
tempo 120
voices 1
title O Canada
instrument soprano
notes 4
g4 2
b_4 4.
b_4 8
e_4 2.
You can play this song by using the provided JAR file. Note that this is the first time
we have used JAR files in the course; it is one way that a large number of classes can
be combined together into one archive. (And do not worry—you will not be asked to
create a JAR file for this assignment!) Assuming a7.jar and 01_xample.sng are in the
same directory, type the following:
$ java -jar a7.jar 01_example.sng
If your computer is properly configured for Java audio you will hear the first four
notes of our national anthem. (Most computers are already correctly configured and so
you probably do not need to do anything special for this assignment. Ignore any error
messages printed by the a7.jar program. If you are in ECS 258 you will need to plug
your earphones or earbuds into the workstation in order to hear the sound.)
Notes consist of a pitch and duration. Pitches consist of a note letter (or tone) plus an
octave number, and there may also be a single accidental marking, where “^” means
“sharp” and “_” means “flat”. (You may have seen these symbols in your musical
education as ♯ and ♭.) For example, the first note “g4 2” means G in the fourth
octave, also known as G above middle C, and the note’s length or duration is “2” (a half
note). The second note “b_4 4.” is B flat above middle C and with a duration of “4.” (a
dotted-quarter note).
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Transposing music means raising (i.e., transpose up) or lowering (i.e, transpose down)
the pitches of notes in a consistent way. (Transposition does not change the duration
of notes.) Consider the diagram below showing part of piano’s keyboard.
Musicians refer to middle C as c4 (i.e., the piano key with the gray dot). If we were to
transpose c4 up by three pitches (i.e., three semitones), then the new pitch will be e_4
(or “E-flat above middle C”), or the key with the white dot. This new pitch also has
two possible names (i.e., it could also be named d^4 or “D-sharp above middle C”). A
note will have at most one accidental (i.e., notes such as c^^4 are not possible).
Transposing down is similar. If we do this to c4 by transposing down three pitches,
the new pitch will be a3 (or “A natural below middle C”)—see the black-dot key.
Your task is to write TransposeSong.java. It will take three arguments:
1. The name of some song file.
2. The name of the file in which to store the transposed song (and make sure this
is different than the filename in 1).
3. The amount of the transposition as a positive or negative integer (or zero).
For example, to transpose the example down by three pitches and to store the result
in example_down3.sng, we would enter the following at the command prompt:
$ java TransposeSong 01_example.sng example_down3.sng -3
Note that the program does not play the song but simply performs the transposition.
(You can play the result stored in the new file using the JAR file in the manner
described on page 2.) Here is one possible example_down3.sng:
tempo 120
voices 1
title O Canada
instrument soprano
notes 4
e4 2
g4 4.
g4 8
c4 2.
c3 c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 a4 b4
c^3
d_3
c^4
d_4
d^3
e_3
f^3
g_3
g^3
a_3
a^3
b_3
c^3
d_4
d^4
e_4
f^4
g_4
g^4
a_4
a^4
b_4
d3 e3 f3 g3 a3 b3 c5
... ...
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One last detail: Some of the note entries in a song are not pitches at all but are
instead rests (or silences) having a duration. When transposing a song, you need only
reproduce the same rest (i.e., a note of “r 4” before transposition begins is just “r 4”
after transposition is ends).
What you are to write
The class Note.java will be used to store information about a single note’s pitch and
duration. You are welcome to choose instance variables that make most sense to you
(i.e., you may or may not choose to separate the pitch into a tone and an octave.)
Methods in this class will also be used to transpose the note.
• There must exist private attributes to store information about the note.
• The constructor Note(String pitch, String duration): This will assign the Note’s
instance variables with correct values given the pitch and duration provided
to the constructor.
• private void transposeUp() and private void transposeDown(): These methods
will transpose the note up one pitch/semitone and down one pitch/semitone.
(See the Appendix for some ideas on how to determine the higher or lower
pitch given some existing pitch.)
• public void transpose(int semitones): This will call transposeUp() or
transposeDown() as many times as is needed. For example, in order to
transpose up by three semitones, the method will end up calling
transposeUp() three times. A negative value for semitones means “transpose
down”, and a positive value means “transpose up”.
• public String toString(): Create a string representing the note. The string
would represent the note as it would appear in a song file.
The class Voice.java will be used to store information about a sequence of notes.
Notice on page 2 that a voice always begins with an instrument and the number of
notes in the voice part. These can easily be read using a scanner that is passed to the
Voice constructor. The number of notes should be used to create an array of Note
instances and to control the for-loop needed to read notes from the scanner.
• There must exist a private array of Notes called notes and a private String
called instrument.
• The constructor Voice(Scanner input): Using the scanner parameter this
constructor will read the instrument, number of notes, and notes themselves;
and the method will store these in instance variables. This constructor will
only ever be called when the scanner’s cursor is just before the string
“instrument” in some song file. You will need to call next() or nextInt() on the
scanner as appropriate. This method must need to create an array of Note
with the correct size given the number of notes in the voice.
• public String toString(): Create a string representing the instrument, number
of notes, and note values themselves. The result will be a string concatenation
probably involving, amongst other things, the use of the newline character
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(“\n”). Put differently, the result of toString() with an untransposed Voice
instance would be exactly the same as the text of the voice within the file.
• public void toStream(PrintStream ps): This is used to print the contents of the
Voice object to the opened PrintStream named ps. The method should depend
upon the result of toString().
• public void transpose(int semitones): Transpose each Note in the notes array by
the given number of semitones. A negative amount means transposing down,
while a positive amount means transposing up.
And finally there is TransposeSong.java which will directly use instances of the
Voice class.
• The program will take three arguments on the command line (as shown on
page 3).
• The input file will be read in using a scanner (do not read from the console!),
and some lines of information are to be stored in variables such that they can
be copied to the output file (e.g., tempo, title, number of voices). Make sure
you use next() or nextLine() with the scanner as appropriate. You are
responsible for opening the file and connecting it to a scanner.
• There may be up to four voices in a song file. Once all voices are read into the
program, they are to be transposed by the same number of semitones (i.e.,
transposed down for a negative value, transposed up for a positive value). The
amount of the transposition is given by the third command-line argument.
• Once the voices are transposed, the resulting song (i.e., song information such
as its tempo, title and number of voices; then each voice with its instrument,
number of notes, and the notes themselves) is to be output to the file whose
name is provided as the second command-line argument. You are responsible
for opening the file and for connecting it to a print stream. You will want to
use calls to the toString() method implemented in the Voice class as part of
your solution. (And make sure you always close() the print stream when
output for the whole song is completely finished.)
What the marker will look for
• Compiles & runs on the lab machines.
• Produces the expected output (i.e., notes of input file properly transposed
such that output file is correct).
• Correctly implements and uses the requested methods.
• Is well-structured through the use of meaningful methods.
• Is appropriately documented and matches the style guidelines.
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Files to submit: TransposeSong.java, Note.java and Voice.java via the Assignment #7
link on conneX.
Grading scheme
• “A” grade: A submission completing the requirements of the assignment. The
program runs without any problems using structures as required (i.e., Note,
Voice and TransposeSong classes). Some marks will be given for the quality of
the solution.
• “B” grade: A submission completing most of the requirements of the
assignment. The program runs with some problems but uses the required
classes.
• “C or D” grade: A serious attempt at completing requirements for the
assignment. The program runs with major problems, or does not use twodimensional arrays or is not decomposed into methods.
• “F” grade: Either no submission given, the submission does not compile, or
submission represents very little work.
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Appendix: Transposing up or down one semitone
Many students will be new to the description of musical pitch and duration as used in
this assignment. Even students with some experience working with western musical
notation may wonder how best to transpose a pitch up or down. I offer three
observations.
1. Although you may be tempted to solve the general transposition problem, I
recommend you stick with transposing up one semitone or down one
semitone. To transpose for larger numbers of semitones just repeat these
simpler operations the appropriate number of time.
2. Determining the octave of a transposed note is easier if you stick with the
simpler operations. When transposing down one note from a C, the octave
number always decreases by one (e.g., from c4 to b3). When transposing one
note from a B, the octave number always increased by one (e.g., from b3 to c4).
These two intervals are the only spots where there is a change in octave
number.
3. Enharmonic spellings of notes are to be expected. For example, d^3 is the same
as e_3. There are also some spellings not often found in western notation (e.g.,
f_5 is just e5). Because of this, determining the next pitch up or down a
semitone can be so darn tricky, and so I’ll suggest you take advantage of the
two-dimensional table of strings shown on the next page. At any row you will
see that the pitch in column 0 is a semitone lower than the pitch in column 1
(and that the pitch in column 1 is a semitone higher than the pitch in column
0). If you have this table as a class variable in your Note class, you can use it to
help implement transposeUp and transposeDown.
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private static final String[][] transposeTable = {
{"c_", "c"},
{"c", "d_"},
{"c", "c^"},
{"c^", "d"},
{"d_", "d"},
{"d", "d^"},
{"d", "e_"},
{"d^", "e"},
{"e_", "e"},
{"e", "e^"},
{"e_", "f_"},
{"e", "f"},
{"e^", "f^"},
{"f", "f^"},
{"f", "g_"},
{"f^", "g"},
{"g", "g^"},
{"g", "a_"},
{"g^", "a"},
{"a_", "a"},
{"a", "a^"},
{"a", "b_"},
{"a^", "b"},
{"b_", "b"},
{"b_", "c_"},
{"b", "b^"},
{"b", "c"},
{"b^", "c^"}
};